Elderly Sexual Activity And Health Health And Social Care Essay

Elderly Sexual Activity And Health Health And Social Care Essay As Lindau et al. (2003) point out, sexuality involves the forming of a partnership and pertains to the behaviors, attitudes, function and activity of sexually active individuals. Sexual activity has been associated with health (Addis, Van Den Eeden and Wassel-Fyr, 2006; Laumann, Nicolosi and Glasser, 2005), and ailment and disease might significantly impair sexual health (Schover, 2000). Elderly people are recipients of a wide array of devices and medications which aim at treating problems of a sexual nature. While the demand for services and medication pertaining to sexual health is increasing, nevertheless not much is known about the sexual behavior of adults over 65 years of age. In the developed countries, the chronological age of 65 years old is largely accepted as a cut-off point for classification of a person as older or elderly. While common definitions of the third age such as this are indeed practically utilized, there exists no general consensus as to the point in time when one actually becomes old. Usually, the time in life when one becomes eligible for a pension is adopted as indicative of old age. The United Nations do not use a standardized criterion, but nevertheless agrees to 60+ years as referring to the elderly (WHO, 2010). A definition of ageing is provided by Gorman (2000): ageing is a highly predetermined biological process which eludes human control. At the same time, ageing is defined in a constructivist world, where different societies assign different meanings to old age. Chronological age is seen as most important in developed countries. The age between 60 and 65 is taken to signify the onset of old age. By contrast, in many developing countries, age by years bears little relationship to the definition of old age. In such countries, the meaning of old age may depend instead on the roles that are been assigned to older people, or even on the loss of previously-held roles, which may come as a result of natural physical decline. In sum, while the developed world defines old age in a manner highly chronological, the same is often not true for developing countries, where people start to be perceived as elderly when their active role involvement is no longer possible (Gorman, 2000). According to a definition by the World Health Organization (2001), sexuality is a natural part of human development through every phase of life and includes physical, psychological, and social components (p. 13). Another definition of sexuality provided by Rheaume and Mitty (2008) states that sexuality is a core dimension of life that incorporates notions, beliefs, facts, fantasies, rituals, attitudes, values, and rights with regard to gender identity and role, sexual acts and orientation, and aspects of pleasure, intimacy, and reproduction and involves biological, psychological, social, economic, religious, spiritual and cultural components (p. 342). Health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 2001, p. 8). In turn, sexual health implies a positive approach to human sexuality and is therefore an essential component of reproductive health. It includes the integration of somatic, emotional, intellectual, and social aspects of an individual in ways which positively enrich and enhance personality, communication, love and human relationships (p. 13). Sexual health, not unlike physical health, is viewed as a state of well-being where there is an expectation of pleasurable experiences without the intrusion of negative feelings such as shame, fear, pressure or violence. In keeping with this definition, Calamidas (1997) suggests that home or assisted-living nurses can play a crucial role in the quality of elderly peoples life through helping them attain and preserve a positive outlook toward the expression of their individual sexuality. Historically, a large proportion of todays elderly people grew up and lived during a time when social norms were both conservative and gender-biased. Broadly speaking, sexual intercourse was considered as a pleasurable experience primarily for the men while women were thereby expected to sexually satisfy their husbands and to make babies (Hajjar and Kamel, 2003). People that today are over 70 years old may have actually missed the sexual revolution of the 1960s in the context and social conditions under which it took place, since they were already married and engrossed in their work and family life. This interesting analysis by Hajjar and Kamel (2003) proceeds to argue that the challenges to intimacy and sexuality faced by that age group may be partly due to the adoption of a rather conservative set of values and beliefs about sexuality, a limited availability and access to knowledge on sexuality, and a lack of feeling comfortable with their sexuality. Rheaume and Mitty (2008) suggest that nowadays the traditional stereotypes regarding ageing, intimacy and sexuality are being reexamined; that is, the point of view is promoted that a desire for intimacy and for sexual contact does not have to cease at any point during the lifetime. Knowledge on the sexual activity of the elderly people however is far from complete, especially within a cross-cultural context as well as with reference to educational and financial status. In this light, the generalizability of research findings in this area is rather hindered. Oftentimes, this means that health professionals may be left somewhat in the dark concerning the wants and needs of older adults as to their sexuality (Rheaume and Mitty, 2008, p. 342). Sexuality of the Elderly The National Social Life, Health and Aging Project (NSHAP) has taken up the task of gathering data on the sexual activity, behaviors and problems of elderly people (Lindau et al., 2007). The findings of the national American sample of NSHAP show that while sexual activity tends to decrease with age, most older adults continue to enjoy intimate marital or other relationships, as well as consider their sexuality an important aspect of life. The majority of individuals aged 57 to 85 years old, and approximately one in three of individuals aged between 75 85 years old were active sexually. Even in their 80s or 90s, the elderly may practice sex and/or masturbation (Lindau et al., 2007). There is evidence to suggest that some men and women retain their sexual desire and partnership during the whole of their life (Addis et al., 2006; AARP, 1999; Nicolosi, Laumann and Glasser, 2004; Bacon et al., 2003). Some of these studies however have relied on relatively small sample sizes, and have utilized non-random sampling methods. Taking into consideration the above criticisms, Lindau et al.s (2007) study examined the occurrence of sexual activity in sexually active participants and did not find significantly decrease with old age. At the same time, the levels of reported sexual activity in respondents between 60 and 74 years old were comparable to the levels reported by adults from 18 to 59 years old, in a wide US survey (Laumann et al., 1994). Adults aged 65 years and over can retain an active and satisfying sexual life throughout their years (WHO, 2002). Frequent sexual activity is commonly reported after middle age (Janus and Janus, 2003). In the survey of the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP, 1999) including 1384 elderly individuals, although sexual activity was reported as being pleasurable, no overarching agreement was reached as to the importance of sex toward maintaining a good relationship. The research by AARP (1999) also found that old adults who have partners tend to feel that a fulfilling sexual relationship is important, as opposed to old adults with no partners. Men older than 75 were more likely to have a spouse or partner and appeared to hold more favorable attitudes or more interest towards sex than did women of the same age. Men, whether they had a partner or not, reported a higher frequency of thoughts, feelings and fantasies related to sex than generally did women. Steinke et al.s (2008) research with healthy elderly people reported that the lesser health restrictions of the elderly helped them to retain their sexual activity throughout the course of their lives. Women in their third age usually demonstrate a larger diminution of sexual activity with time than do same-aged men (Lindau et al., 2007). According to the results of a multinational survey of persons 40 to 80 years of age (Laumann, Paik and Glasser, 2006), women tend to think of sex as a less important facet of life than do men, and they also tend to report more absence of pleasure from it. The determination of the dynamics that are involved in sexual satisfaction are of particular importance here (Carpenter, Nathanson and Kim, 2009). Henderson-King and Veroff (1994) and Sprecher (2002) have found that sexual satisfaction enhances the individuals well-being, while it promotes the stability of a marriage and of other personal relationships. A better knowledge of the factors that promote and lessen sexual satisfaction may help in the development of better-suited clinical and policy interventions against sexual problems (Bancroft, 2002). As populations age, a sound understanding of sexual activity in elderly people is becoming more and more relevant; people now enjoy longer and healthier lives, attitudes toward sexuality are being transformed and the importance of a fulfilling sexual life toward the attainment of personal happiness is being recognized (Seidman, 1991; Calasanti Slevin, 2001). Quality of life A number of authors have suggested that doctors and policy-makers are becoming more and more aware of the importance of human sexuality for health and for good quality of life across the life span (Lindau et al., 2007; Satcher, 2001; WHO, 2002). In his description of the cross-cultural study of the World Health Organization, Quality of Life/Older Adults (including such topics as autonomy, activity, functionality, intimacy, relationships, socialization, death, and dying, Robinson (2007) states that sexuality, health status and personal relationships were all significantly related to quality of life. Many studies have found that sexual activity bears a significant relationship to longevity and positive health outcomes (Palmore, 1982; Davey Smith, Frankel and Yarnell, 1997; Onder et al., 2003). Sexual problems Since the beginning of the 21st century new and considerable attention has been paid to the sexuality of the elderly as a result of the creation of drugs that treat erectile dysfunction. Male erectile dysfunction, if treated effectively, can prolong the active sex life of the elderly of both genders throughout life (Lindau, 2010). As Cambois, Robine and Hayward (2001) point out, in many countries sexual problems comprise a major issue for elderly people; in the United States, approximately one in two 57 to 85 year olds who are sexually active report that they have at least one sexual predicament, and one in three mention at least two such afflictions. Accordingly, the majority of the elderly people in Lindau et al.s (2007) study did report pestering problems of a sexual nature, and approximately one in four sexually active elderly participants of both genders refrained from sexual intercourse as a result of a sexual problem subject to therapeutic intervention. During the transition to old age, changes in physiology can impair the sexual responsiveness of elderly women and men, while they may affect, either negatively or positively, their sexual function (Bachmann and Leiblum, 2004; Rosen et al., 2005). Different aspects of sexuality had been found to have a negative correlation with poor health and age (Laumann et al., 2005; Schover, 2000; Laumann, Paik and Rosen, 1999; Camacho and Reyes-Ortiz, 2005). Isselbacher et al. (1994) and Rosen et al. (2005) state that problems of a sexual nature may act as precursors or as epiphenomena to significant infections or diseases such as diabetes or cancer. Sexual problems that go unnoticed and/or untreated may lead to or co-occur with depression and social withdrawal (Nicolosi et al., 2004; Morley and Tariq, 2003, Araujo et al., 1998). Medication prescribed to the elderly may have an adverse effect on sexual life (Finger, Lund and Slagle, 1997); even medication which treats sexual problems may have adv erse health effects (Lindau et al., 2006; Gott, Hinchliff and Galena, 2004). Steinke et al. (2008) also found that elderly participants who were not active sexually showed a worsening of sexual self-concept, self-efficacy, and satisfaction. In Konstam, Moser and De Jongs (2005) research, a heightened self-efficacy was demonstrated to improve on both sexual function and emotional functioning, not excluding depression. Health and sexuality Lindau et al.s (2007) study found sexual activity to be positively related to the physical health of the elderly, particularly in elderly men. In general, healthy individuals of all ages were more likely to engage in marital or other intimate relationships and to be more sexually active. Furthermore, physical health was found to be related to different facets of sexual function, as well as sexual problems, regardless of age; similar findings have been reported by other researchers (Laumann et al., 1999; Bacon et al., 2003). It is advisable then that, when specific conditions apply, elderly people who have health problems or who are to receive treatment which may influence their sexual functioning may need to be evaluated based on their health status instead of their age (Laumann et al., 2005). In a representative national analysis, Lindau (2010) assessed the relationship between sexuality, as measured per sexual activity and quality of sex life, and global self-reported physical health in mature and elderly adults. Lindau (2010) found that especially for older women, self-rated health was closely related to having a partner. Overall, participants who were of very good or excellent physical health were about 1.7 times more likely to show an interest in sex than did participants of less than good health. As Lindau (2010) puts it, when compared to women, men tend to spend significantly more of their life being sexually active but, at the same time, miss out on significantly more years of sexual activity as a consequence of less than good health. This strong relationship between mens health and expected duration of a sexually active life may be partly attributable to chronic diseases but also to treatment received for erectile dysfunction (Westlake et al., 1999; Solomon, Man and Jackson, 2003; Burke et al., 2007). The United Nations (2007) have proposed that in the developed and developing nations, a projection of peoples sexual activity as they become older can be useful in predicting health needs and resources, sexual function-related services, the recovery from sexual dysfunction due to illness, as well as the treatment for commonly occurring health conditions in the third age. At the same time, the wish to prolong the duration of their sexual life can modify older peoples important health behaviors; mature adults may for example quit smoking or take their medication more seriously if they expect that their action will promote a lengthy and fulfilling sexual life (United Nations, 2007). ΒΠ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ²ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± Addis IB, Van Den Eeden SK, Wassel-Fyr CL, et al. Sexual activity and function in middle-aged and older women. Obstet Gynecol 2006;107:755-64. American Association of Retired Persons. Modern maturity. Sexuality study. Washington DC: AARP; 1999. Araujo AB, Durante R, Feldman HA, Goldstein I, McKinlay JB. The relationship between depressive symptoms and male erectile dysfunction: cross-sectional results from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. Psychosom Med 1998;60:458-65. Araujo AB, Mohr BA, McKinlay JB. Changes in sexual function in middle-aged and older men: longitudinal data from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004;52:1502-9. Bachmann GA, Leiblum SR. The impact of hormones on menopausal sexuality: a literature review. Menopause 2004; 11:120-30. Bacon CG, Mittleman MA, Kawachi I, Giovannucci E, Glassser DB, Rimm EB. Sexual function in men older than 50 years of age: results from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Ann Intern Med 2003;139:161-8. Bancroft, J. (2002). The medicalization of female sexual dysfunction: The need for caution. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 31, 451-455. Burke JP, Jacobson DJ, McGree ME, Nehra A, Roberts RO, Girman CJ, et al. Diabetes and sexual dysfunction: results from the Olmsted County study of urinary symptoms and health status among men. J Urol 2007;177:1438-42. Calamidas EG. Promoting health sexuality among older adults: educational challenges for health professionals. J Sex Educ Ther 1997;22:45-9. Calasanti, T. M., Slevin, K. F. (2001). Gender, social inequalities, and aging. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press. Camacho ME, Reyes-Ortiz CA. Sexual dysfunction in the elderly: age or disease? Int J Impot Res 2005;17:Suppl 1:S52-S56. Cambois E, Robine JM, Hayward MD. Social inequalities in disability-free life expectancy in the French male population, 1980-1991. Demography 2001;38:513-24. Davey Smith G, Frankel S, Yarnell J. Sex and death: are they related? Findings from the Caerphilly Cohort Study. BMJ 1997;315:1641-4. Finger WW, Lund M, Slagle MA. Medications that may contribute to sexual disorders: a guide to assessment and treatment in family practice. J Fam Pract 1997; 44:33-43. Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al., eds. The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the worlds older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd.,1999:3-21. Gott M, Hinchliff S, Galena E. General practitioner attitudes to discussing sexual health issues with older people. Soc Sci Med 2004;58:2093-103. Hajjar RR, Kamel HK. Sexuality in the nursing home, part 1: attitudes and barriers to sexual expression. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2003;4:152-6. Henderson-King, D. H., Veroff, J. (1994). Sexual satisfaction and marital well-being in the first years of marriage. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 11, 509-534. Isselbacher KJ, Martin JB, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Wilson JD, Kasper DL, eds. Harrisons principles of internal medicine. 13th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994:262. Janus SC, Janus CL. The Janus report on sexual behavior. 1993. Cited in M. Wallace. Sexuality and aging in longterm care. Ann Long-Term Care 2003;11:53-9. Konstam V, Moser D, De Jong M. Depression and anxiety in heart failure. J Card Fail 2005;11:455-63. Laumann EO, Gagnon JH, Michael RT, Michaels S. The social organization of sexuality: sexual practices in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994:88. Laumann EO, Nicolosi A, Glasser DB, et al. Sexual problems among women and men aged 40-80 y: prevalence and correlates identified in the Global Study of Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors. Int J Impot Res 2005;17:39-57. Laumann EO, Paik A, Glasser DB, et al. A cross-national study of subjective sexual well-being among older women and men: findings from the Global Study of Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors. Arch Sex Behav 2006;35:145-61. Laumann EO, Paik A, Rosen RC. Sexual dysfunction in the United States: prevalence and predictors. JAMA 1999;281: 537-44. Carpenter LM, Nathanson ÃŽ-CA, Kim YJ. Physical Women, Emotional Men: Gender and Sexual Satisfaction in Midlife. Arch Sex Behav (2009) 38:87-107. Lindau, S.T. (2010). Sex, health, and years of sexually active life gained due to good health: evidence from two US population-based cross sectional surveys of ageing. BMJ, 340, 810 Lindau ST, Laumann EO, Levinson W, Waite LJ. Synthesis of scientific disciplines in pursuit of health: the Interactive Biopsychosocial Model. Perspect Biol Med 2003;46:Suppl 3:S74-S86. Lindau ST, Leitsch SA, Lundberg KL, Jerome J. Older womens attitudes, behavior, and communication about sex and HIV: a community-based study. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2006;15:747-53. Lindau ST, Schumm L, Laumann E, Levinson W, OMuircheartaigh C, Waite L. A study of sexuality and health among older adults in the United States. N Engl J Med 2007;357:762-74. Morley JE, Tariq SH. Sexual dysfunction in older persons. In: Hazzard WR, Blass JP, Halter JB, Ouslander JG, Tinetti ME, eds. Principles of geriatric medicine and gerontology. 5th ed. New York: McGraw- Hill, 2003:1311-23. Nicolosi A, Laumann EO, Glasser DB, et al. Sexual behavior and sexual dysfunctions after age 40: the Global Study of Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors. Urology 2004;64:991-7. Nicolosi A, Moreira ED Jr, Villa M, Glasser DB. A population study of the association between sexual function, sexual satisfaction and depressive symptoms in men. J Affect Disord 2004;82:235-43. Onder G, Penninx B, Guralnik JM, Jones H, Fried LP, Pahor M, et al. Sexual satisfaction and risk of disability in older women. J Clin Psychiatry 2003;64:1177-82. Palmore EB. Predictors of the longevity difference: a 25-year follow-up. Gerontologist 1982;22:513-8. Rheaume, C., and Mitty, E. (2008). Sexuality and intimacy in older adults. Geriatric Nursing, 29, 342-349. Robinson JG, Mohlzan AE. Sexuality and quality of life. J Gerontol Nurs 2007;33:19-27. Rosen RC, Wing R, Schneider S, Gendrano N. Epidemiology of erectile dysfunction: the role of medical comorbidities and lifestyle factors. Urol Clin North Am 2005;32:403-17. Satcher D. The surgeon generals call to action to promote sexual health and responsible sexual behaviour. US Department of Health and Human Services, 2001. Schover LR. Sexual problems in chronic illness. In: Leiblum SR, Rosen RC, eds. Principles and practice of sex therapy. New York: Guilford, 2000:398-422. Seidman, S. (1991). Romantic longings: Love in America, 1830-1980. New York: Routledge. Solomon H, Man JW, Jackson G. Erectile dysfunction and the cardiovascular patient: endothelial dysfunction is the common denominator. Heart 2003;89:251-3. Sprecher, S. (2002). Sexual satisfaction in premarital relationships: Associations with satisfaction, love, commitment, and stability. Journal of Sex Research, 39, 190-197. Steinke, E.E., Wright, D.W., Chung, M.L., and Moser, D.K. (2008). Sexual self-concept, anxiety, and self-efficacy predict sexual activity in heart failure and healthy elders. Heart Lung, 37, 323-333. United Nations. World population ageing 2007. UN, 2007. Westlake C, Dracup K, Walden JA, Fonarow G. Sexuality of patients with advanced heart failure and their spouses or partners. J Heart Lung Transplant 1999;18:1133-8. World Health Organization (2001). Definitions and indicators in family planning, maternal child health and reproductive health used in the WHO regional office for Europe. Reproductive, Maternal and Child Health European Regional Office. Revised March 1999 January 2001. Accessed on 25 April 2010 at: http://www.euro.who.int/document/e68459.pdf World Health Organization. Defining sexual health: report of a technical consultation on sexual health, 28-31 January 2002. Geneva, 2002. www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/gender_rights/defining_sexual_health/en/index.html. World Health Organization (2010). Definition of an older or elderly person: proposed working definition of an older person in Africa for the MDS Project. Accessed on 25 April 2010 at: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/index.html.

Integrative Problems and Virtual Organization

Integrative Problems and Virtual Organization LaShell Johnson Lynnette O’Neil Thomas Hernandez University of Phoenix Finance for Business FIN 370 Bruce Fox December 14, 2011 Integrative Problems and Virtual Organization Lafleur Trading Company is a private company that has supplied the world with the finest food and wines over 3 dozen trading partners across the planet. Recently, they have decided to expand their operations. Looking at their options, they may expand by acquiring another organization in the same industry, go public through an IPO, or merge with another organization.Below are the pros and cons that may come with each approach. One advantage of being a privately held company is the ability to move quickly without having to obtain approval of shareholders or a board of directors. The owners of a privately held company have a greater interest in the success of the business because of the greater risk the owners face. It would be easier and faster to acquire a compa ny in the same industry. The company would obtain a new customer base and potentially be obtaining new technology that would improve overall operational effectiveness.When an organization decides to expand their business by acquiring another organization in the same industry, there are a few things that need to be considered. An acquisition can be defined as the purchase of one business or company by another company or business entity. One of the strengths of acquiring another company is the fact that they have so many trading partners across a wide range. Lafleur Trading Company only deals with reputable producers and exporters which shows that they are more than capable of handling more responsibility. Their extensive list of products includes seafood, wine, fruit, vegetables, cheese and maple products.If a friendly acquisition occurs, both companies would work together and negotiate the arrangements. Learning more efficient ways for production can also be discovered during the pr ocess of an acquisition. There are weaknesses during this process such as transferring of technologies and capabilities can prove difficult because of acquisition implementation. There is always a risk of losing implicit knowledge during a fast paced acquisition. A lack of adequate record keeping can prove costly and time consuming for the acquiring company. There are always opportunities when a company acquires another.For one, the company can increase supply-chain pricing power by buying out one of its suppliers. This allows a company to eliminate a level of costs. Another opportunity to be had is eliminating competition in order to gain a larger market share in its product’s market. An example of a threat would be a hostile takeover. This is when one company buys another against its will. Employees of the acquired company may feel threatened thus resulting in a lack of communication which may be beneficial to the acquiring firm. Expanding through acquisition also has hidde n risks; there may be potential law suits that are unknown at the time of purchase.If the acquisition is not structured properly, the acquiring company would have to absorb all the potential liabilities. Another way to expand a privately owned company is to undertake an Initial Public Offering, or a sale of stock by a private company to the public. Companies undertaking IPO may request assistance of an Investment Banking firm to help assess the values of their shares. When the company list their shares to the public exchange, the money paid by investors for those shares goes directly to the company.IPO enables a company access to money, provided by investors, which they can use as capital for future growth. Of course there are variables that may or may not benefit the expanding company. One of the benefits of an IPO is the media coverage the business receives. When favorable, the company’s reputation of its products and services attract more investors. The company’s ac tivities will also be reflected in the reports of professional financial analysts. Positive public profile not only support liquidity of the shares, but also becomes a desirable and reliable partner.Banks also become keen on extending loans with lower interest rates (Trust Capital Group, 2003-2011) Going public also provides its challenges. One of the most important challenges is the need for added disclosure for investors. Public companies are also regulated by the Securities Exchange Act in regards to periodic financial reporting’s. These requirements increase legal, accounting and marketing costs. If La Fleur Trading Company would rather not deal with these additional regulations, they may also decide to merge with another organization.The strengths of merging with another organization, for La Fleur Trading Company can be very beneficial for the company, as its definition says merging is the acquisition of another firm, or merging is the result when two firms unite into on e, some of the benefits of emerging with another firm can be economies of scale and a more improved organizational efficiency, it also reduces the staff costs, and general expenses, all this factors have convinced more and more firms to merge with another firm over an IPO.However there might be some weaknesses when merging with another firm, like in every firm there might be some risks to take when making a business, some of the disadvantages of merging with another firm might be, legal expenses, short term opportunity costs, costs and expenses related with the takeover or the merger, potential devaluation of equity and some possible intangible costs that may affect the firms, as a result merging with another firm can be very beneficial or very risky, it may benefit the firms by creating and saving more money for both, or it can be very devastating for both by the much more greater losses that the companies are going to lose with the merging of both firms. In conclusion, we have det ermined that Lafleur Trading Company should choose the route of merging with another organization because of the type of business it is. It would be more feasible to merge with another firm and gain additional trading partners through that process.By going through an acquisition, the company may lose the existing relationships with the trading partners which would be more costly to start over. As a privately held company, there are no concerns with having to obtain approval of shareholders or a board of directors. It would be easier and faster to merge with a company in the same industry. The company would obtain a new customer base and potentially be obtaining new technology that would improve overall operational effectiveness. Reference Trust Capital Group. (2003-2011). IPO Benefits. Retrieved from http://www. trust-capital. com/page. php? id=73&&PHPSESSID=798a964978326d6fb0a20625b21ecca6 Keown, A. J. , Martin, J. D. , Petty, J. W. , & Scott, D. F. (2005). Financial Management: Pr inciples and applications (10th ed. ).

Letter to the Editor about Arthur Schopenhauer Essay

Dear Sir,  Your editorial on the correctness and practicality of Arthur Schopenhauer’s philosophy in our everyday lives was well very well-written. In it, you have made clear the main elements of Schopenhauer’s philosophy: that existence, far from harmonious, is actually full of conflict, that the will – the innermost essence of every man – is irrational and nothing but a blind impulse toward existence, and that happiness cannot be attained by humankind because the will necessitates suffering (Pfeffer, 1972, p. 42). To solve the problem of existence, you proposed what Schopenhauer himself suggested, and that is the negation of the will as much as possible. This is similar to what Buddhists do in their denial of man’s desires. Thus, like Schopenhauer, you propose everyone should try to rid themselves of their will to attain Nirvana. Sir, as much as I intellectually enjoyed your exposition of Schopenhauer’s philosophy, I would have to disagree with you both. I think that the will should not be denied because it does not necessarily lead to suffering. Instead, suffering must be overcome by changing those who are willing. These refutations are based on the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche, whose thought I think has more practical applications in life than Schopenhauer’s. Nietzsche greatly admired Schopenhauer because of the wisdom that allowed him to break with the optimism of the Western philosophical tradition which followed Friedrich Hegel. However, Nietzsche’s philosophy developed into a complete and utter refutation of Schopenhauer’s, which he deemed wrong and I deem wrong. For Nietzsche, pessimism was good, as long as it is not the â€Å"weak pessimism† that Schopenhauer adopted (Pfeffer, 1972, p. 44). This kind of pessimism is uncreative and negative and would simply lead men to living lives based on nothingness. What Schopenhauer did was merely to replace Kant’s transcendental world of reason with the will but the basic approach did not change (Strong, 1988, p. 227). I would even venture to say that Schopenhauer’s suggestion when it comes to living life is far more absurd than that of Kant. For while Kant instructed us to use reason in everything we do, Schopenhauer would rather us erase our will – something which is virtually impossible since the will cannot be completely destroyed. It is easy to point out what Schopenhauer’s biggest mistake was in terms of Nietzsche’s philosophy. Nietzsche’s concept of the master and slave morality draws a line between self-affirming values and self-denying values. The master morality consisting of self-affirming values of selfishness and absolute individualism will lead to the creation of the ideal Superman who will be perfect in mind and body (Mencken, 2003, p. 64-65). On the other hand, self-denying values, which are mainly perpetuated by Christianity, will lead to man’s ruin. Schopenhauer, with his belief that the will should be negated because it necessarily leads to suffering, clearly adopted a slavish attitude toward life. The danger with following Schopenhauer is that his philosophy was a direct result of his own slavish nature, and thus, men would suffer more and perish if they followed it. Schopenhauer took his own psyche and prescribed it to everyone without thinking that his will was not shared by the entire world. Thus, said Nietzsche, people should not be forced to say that â€Å"the world is Schopenhauer writ large (Strong, 1988, p. 227).†   Schopenhauer is also wrong when he said that happiness is impossible for it is nothing but a form of pain and a brief cessation of desire (Nietzsche, 2006, p.11). From my own experience, I could definitely say that I have experienced happiness and though it did not last forever, the feeling was not a negative one. It also doesn’t make sense to me why a person would want to move away from happiness simply because it is fleeting. Again, Nietzsche has a better opinion on happiness because to him, happiness is a function of power. Whatever increases power is good and feels good. Therefore, happiness is power and to attain happiness, men should strive to be powerful. The path to happiness is not denying the will but to change those who are willing. Instead of negating the will or curbing our desires, men must always act for the benefit of the generations to be born after him, according to Nietzsche. By practicing life-affirming values, the instinct to apply the will to power becomes sharper. Generations of putting the master morality into practice and getting rid of slavish beliefs would eventually lead to the formation of a new society of supermen with perfected instincts (Mencken, 2003, p. 67). For me, this goal is clearly far superior, more positive and beneficial to humankind than what Schopenhauer proposed. Schopenhauer’s philosophy is basically that of resignation and negation. His ways to achieve the abolishment of the will should inspire revulsion in someone who loves life. Schopenhauer said that the will could be destroyed through timeless contemplation such as what artists do, and by living a life of an ascetic (Nietzsche, 2006, p.11). Nirvana is the ultimate goal of these lifestyles, which is supposed to be a state of perfect nothingness and peace. Schopenhauer defended his view by saying that this state of nirvana might be nothing to a man who still desires, but to a man who has denied his will, the current world we’re living in â€Å"with all its suns and milky way is nothing (Pfeffer, 1972, p. 45).† While Schopenhauer was right when he said there will always be suffering, it does not follow that we should adopt his attitude of resignation and negation. It also does not follow that we must abolish our desires and live as hermits and artists devoid of passion. As Nietzsche said, suffering is not something to destroy for it is a productive power. Instead of escaping suffering and struggle, men must overcome these to cancel out their weaknesses and preserve their strengths (Pfeffer, 1972, p. 45). Clearly, Nietzsche was correct again in this aspect as Schopenhauer was wrong. The answer to creating more powerful, happier selves and society is not to eradicate our desires. Instead, we must assert our individualism and selfishness more strongly, not to create chaos, but to build a better future for the generations after us. Schopenhauer was a great thinker but he allowed his slavish nature took control of his ideas. I have no doubt that following his philosophy would only lead to our ruin. References Mencken, H.L. (2003). The Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche. Tuczon: See Sharp Press. Nietzsche, F. W. (2006). The Nietzsche reader, Volume 10. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. Pfeffer, R. (1972). Nietzsche: disciple of Dionysus. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press. Strong, T.B. (1988). Friedrich Nietzsche and the politics of transfiguration. Berkeley:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   University of California Press.

A Direct Link Between Globalization And Human Rights

I think it is obvious that there is a direct link between globalization and human rights movements, both governmental as well as NGOs. Consider how the major events that most drove globalization, such as WWI and WWII have led to human rights measures and movements based on the atrocities committed in those global events. According to the UN website The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which was adopted by the UN General Assembly on 10 December 1948, was the result of the experience of the Second World War (â€Å"Universal Declaration of Human Rights: History of the document,† n.d.). Similarly, the Hague and Geneva conventions were the direct result of conflicts associated with globalization. As communication advances have bridged the†¦show more content†¦Consider the Bullet Ant Ritual of the Amazon. As reported by Smithsonian, Boys as young as 12 years old must gather bullet ants from the forest, which are then used to make ant-ridden gloves. The young men wear the gloves 20 times for 10 minutes, performing a dance while those angry insects sting them (Nuwer, 2014). In an article for the BBC, world renowned entomologist Dr Justin Schmidt rates its sting the most painful in the world. According to Schmidt the experience is â€Å"Pure, intense, brilliant pain. Like walking over flaming charcoal with a three inch nail embedded in your heel† (Gough, 2015). Torture of children, or important ages old tradition? If you are inclined to write it off as an isolated medieval act of torture that ought to be abolished, consider a similar ritual that is much more common. Circumcision of the eight day old baby. In my Jewish culture, my ancestors in different periods of history gave their very lives to protect their right to what they considered the most important event in Jewish life. Those who tried to take this ritual away from us were trying to break what we considered to be the divine chain that connects our people and our culture, father to son, all the way back to our forefather Abraham. â€Å"And I will establish a My covenant between Me and between you and between your seed after you throughout their generations as an everlasting covenant, to be to you for aShow MoreRelated What is Globalisation? The word globalisation can be defined as having1101 Words   |  5 Pagesgeography on social and cultural arrangements recede and in which people become increasingly aware they are receding’. There is distinction between economic, political, and cultural aspects of globalization, although all three aspects are closely intertwined. Gidden’s (1990) defines it as â€Å"†¦the intensification of world-wide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that distant social happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa†¦Ã¢â‚¬  this is statingRead MoreGlobalization And The International Political Economy1530 Words   |  7 PagesGlobalization the International Political Economy Globalization is a major factor in our international political economy. Globalization comes in many forms, some of which will be explained herein in more detail. According to Kegley and Blanton (2014), due to globalization, the number of questions about how changes in one country s economics and politics influence trends in the word politics and the global economy (p. 328), has resulted in an area of scholarly study being coined, to wit: internationalRead MoreThe Social Work Policies1506 Words   |  6 PagesWork Policies Social Welfare Q 1 Income support policies in the United States Income support policies in the United States view the monetary aspect of individual and family well-being. Income support policies are categorized into two that is direct cash transfers and indirect cash transfers. Income support programs are aimed at reducing poverty levels and boosting the economic growth of United States. Major historical developments took place in the late 1950s. In 1958, social security of theRead MoreGlobalization : The Transition Of Human Society Into The Third Millennium 1744 Words   |  7 PagesSince the 1990s there has been a boom in writing about globalization. According to one sociologist (Waters 1995: 1), it is the concept of the 1990s, ‘a key idea by which we understand the transition of human society into the third millennium’. Globalization can be best described as a process of interaction and integration amongst the people, companies and governments of different nations. It also refers to a world in which societies, cultures, politics and economies have, in some sense, come closerRead MoreThe Impact of Globalization on Africas Social and Economic Conditions1594 Words   |  7 PagesThe Impact of Globalization on Africas Social and Economic Conditions In the twentieth century, the phenomenon of globalization rapidly swept across the world forcefully and powerfully. The very concept of globalization is difficult to exactly define, as it has vast meanings to a vast number of people. Globalization is a relatively new term used to describe a very old process. It is a historical course of action that began with our human ancestors moving out of Africa to spread all over the globeRead MoreRelevance Of Sovereignty And The Threat Of Terrorism Essay1482 Words   |  6 PagesSovereignty, as defined in the Westphalian sense, is only useful today in international politics to the extent that states still require justification for their interventions, heavily varying from the idea of state supremacy within its borders. Globalization alongside intricate international affairs, such as terrorism and humanitarian intervention, largely influence current sovereignty norms. Conventional sovereignty assumes a world of â€Å"autonomous, internationally recognized, and well-governed states†Read MoreAnalyze the Effects of Globalization on Native-No Western Cultural Practices1545 Words   |  7 PagesGLT1 Task 1 Analyze the effects of globalization on native-no Western cultural practices Issues in Behavioral Science Jamie B BSN 06/18/2014 Western Governor’s University In this essay, I will discuss the matter of Globalization of two nations, South Korea and India. Globalization can be defined as, in simple terms, as the process of making something, anything available worldwide. It is a collaboration between countries, exchanging goods, services, workers, ideas, and even culture, whichRead MorePolitics, Religion, And The War Of Ideas951 Words   |  4 Pagesworld and a â€Å"war of ideas† between Islamism and Western values. Briefly, identify the contours of each of these two debates, then focus attention on the â€Å"war of ideas† within the Islamic world. What is being fought over in this war and what is at stake? In the Islamic world, the decisions of a select group of individuals are affecting the lives of thousands of innocent people, whether it’s on a political or social level. It is obvious that when conflict arises between two states or different groupsRead MoreNative Western Cultures of Mauritius and Andaman Islands Changed by Globalization1093 Words   |  5 Pages The people of Mauritius and a people from the Andaman Islands known as the Jarawa are two examples of native non-Western cultures that have been impacted by globalization. The Jarawa, being resident to the Andaman Islands, have a long history of faltering due to globalization. This isolated group of people are a specimen of ancient and unadulterated genetics. They are vulnerable to sea-bound and sea related disasters that have disrupted their numbers, their way of life, and survival. The JarawaRead MoreThe Core Activities And Relationship That Make Up Capitalism Essay1347 Words   |  6 Pagesother important players in modern capitalism such as the monetary and the financial system and concludes with ways in which capitalism could be reformed to more effectively meet human needs and protect the natural environment (Stanford, 2015). Despite the informative information Stanford presented, the topic globalization emerged with insights about NAFTA or in other words North American Free Trade Agreement and its provisions aimed at opening and protecting investments flows, granting special legal

Finding the Best Essay Samples on Language

Finding the Best Essay Samples on Language There are lots of different things you can do in order to know where you stand. Also, utilize all the scratch paper you demand. The entire flapper girl type of dress was heavily about the Jazz scene. A fashion of music that has had an enormous influence on American culture is the early manners of Jazz. The text might not be appropriate from child growth specialists without an advanced amount of professional or academic achievement. Successive bilingualism occurs after age three, when child acquires another language. Language is an intricate system living in our brain which lets us produce and interpret utterances. It can be considered to be a living organism and therefore undergoes evolution. A brief look at the characteristics of the IELTS test and the way it can satisfy your requirements. Before you begin to look for work, take inventory of your own personal skills. When you're taking reference from the samples, you have to search for the sample that supplies you with best presented details of earlier jobs, education and current skills. There are lots of facets deciding the caliber of the CV and clean appearance is the utmost aspect. Examples may be simplified to increase reading and basic comprehension. Social relationships are nurtured due to their importance. In English Language, compositions or essays actually are one of the main facets of the subject. Writing good compositions is crucial in the English Language in the feeling that it permits the student to have the ability to express what is in her or his mind regarding a specific matter. The History of Essay Samples on Language Refuted As the name implies, the conclusion is where you're going to conclude. It's never recommended to write very lengthy headings that wind up looking like complex sentences. Or, in some instances, the word could be an entirely distinct word itself. Should you want, highlight the important words and phrases i n the stimulus to have the ability to look at it from time to time to make sure you adhere to the topic. Top Choices of Essay Samples on Language You may also find different discounts on our site which will help you to save some more money for future orders or anything you want to spend them on. Gather all the critical information and data you need for you to emphasize that which we are attempting to say to your people. Use the assistance of true academic experts and receive the service you have earned! To guarantee that you will locate a complete answer to every question, we've got a support team that's always online. Things You Won't Like About Essay Samples on Language and Things You Will The very first way is via language learning. There are many ways in which language changes. Through language evolution, individuals can express themselves using the language they fully understand as opposed to the circumstances they would need to use the language that don't fully unders tand. Various individuals have various languages that they understand well. Facts, Fiction and Essay Samples on Language If everyone has an identical culture, there's absolutely no meaning in visiting different places. Quite a few of our words have a tendency to slur together. Think about the things which you have to discuss so you're able to place them in their proper places. Have a look at each question carefully and take a small time to work out the topic and what type of answer is going to be expected. The most frequently encountered paper writing service that the vast majority of our clients require is essay writing. Within the activities that you haveA to address in your complete life, there are specific instances where you will beA required to compose an essay. So far as essay structure goes, a 4 or 5 paragraph essay based on the number of points you are going to want to argue is a great start. The definition has to be thorough and lengthy. One of the absolute mo st standard kinds of writing is the post. Prior to starting, bear in mind that an excellent understanding of suitable spelling, punctuation and grammar may be a real boost to both your business writing and the true success of your organization. If it's the first time you're likely to use our article writing service, you most likely have a lot of questions. When selecting a topic, make sure you merely stick to a particular topic. Essay Samples on Language Options From that point, your task for a writer would be to demonstrate that the action which you're claiming is ethical improves human well-being. Your conclusion does not need to have to be complex or extraordinary. Ending an essay with similar scenario might assist to demonstrate your point and make a larger understanding.

The Death Penalty Should Be Abolished - 956 Words

Executing people for what they have done; homicide, kidnapping, illegal injection and so, has been a â€Å"vast† object at issue for years, since it is seen as a cruel, vicious way of punishment. Nevertheless, among numerous countries, states and ultimately, the public, death warrant has been attempted continuously while insisting it is brutal, but mostly; found that it can literally prevent people from committing a crime. Moreover, harshness is considered as the only way of hampering humanity from killing each other, but it actually is not. In spite of capital punishment, life parole is a nice way of incarcerate people, and there is a possibility of discharge. Discharge can be exceptional as people have the grasp to profit from†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, race is a substantial remark for the topic. Bias is the conviction of believing that black and white people are not equal, and mainly, black are the suspected ones. As known, black people are believed as the p rosecutors of all crimes at first and the executed are mostly black either. Nonetheless, as the statistics shown by Death Penalty Information Center, even the real convicted criminals who are executed are white, there is an immense difference between black defendants, with 93% and white defendants with %7 (Death Penalty Information Center). Therefore, death penalty is opposite to the living conditions and human rights as it discriminates people. In the third place, deterrence is a factor that is hold not be a conducting method for crimes. Capital punishment is always thought to affect the ones who are tend to commit an offense because they are under the influence of alcohol or drugs, or anxiety of taking revenge. Subsequently, the way of death warrant rarely works, even it causes more damage. The main problem of the deterrence is the territorial factors, the sorrow, which are caused by jobs, public, and any kind of relationships, people, family and so. Unemployment is the leader of those territorial factors since it impacts the human mind a lot. It is seemed as debauchery by the outside world, so that people commit crimes. The research by FBI data shows that all 14 states without death penalty in 2008 had homicide rates atShow MoreRelatedThe Death Penalty Should Be Abolished1192 Words   |  5 PagesNo Death Penalty Capital crime is something that is meant for people that are found guilty of committing a serious crime, such as murder, rape, or theft. These are offences that should not be taken lightly but by killing the offender, the government is carrying about the action that they are trying to prevent. Also, the wrong person may be sentenced to death. After this person is executed, there is obviously nothing that can be done for the terrible mistake to be reversed. The death penalty shouldRead MoreShould The Death Penalty Be Abolished?. The Death Penalty982 Words   |  4 PagesShould the death penalty be abolished? The death penalty is a â€Å"term that applies to capital punishment and is the worst penalty given for committing a murder or an atrocious assault.† (Black s Law Dictionary). Death penalty has been a part of human society and is legally approved for centuries. The first established death penalty laws date as far back as the Eighteenth Century B.C. in the Code of King Hammaurabi of Babylon, which codified the death penalty for 25 different crimes. Death sentencesRead MoreShould The Death Penalty Be Abolished?1925 Words   |  8 Pages Abstract This paper explores five published articles that report on discussion on the very old and yet to answer question of whether the death penalty in the USA should be abolished? The articles, however, vary in their stand on death penalty. In all article it is very different on publisher stand. They discuss thing argument with their own way and vision of thinking. Adina Nicoleta (2011) has raised question for fair trial on the proceeding of the criminal cases. In other article Maestro MarcelloRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Be Abolished1534 Words   |  7 PagesIntro The death penalty gives humans in our legal system rights to decide who deserves to live, a power only God should possess. Capital Punishment takes away our rights as equals. From its origins, the death penalty has been an inhumane, costly, ineffective, and biased form of punishment that needs to be abolished granting everyone their right to live. History of the Death Penalty Down through history, the death penalty has been adapted to be justifiable in the eyes of the people. By alteringRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Be Abolished1523 Words   |  7 Pagescriminals has been performed by nearly every society to date. The death penalty came to the Americas when European settlers brought the idea of capitol punishment from Britain. The ideology behind taking someone’s life for crimes they have committed is a simple one. If a person commits a hennas crime such as murder or rape, they shall receive the death penalty. In more recent times we now see many countries abolishing the death penalty. The trend suggests that the capitol punishment policies still implementedRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Be Abolished1306 Words   |  6 Pageschanged since the 17th century, so why not the age old penalty of death? Capital punishment in the United States is a highly debated topic. Arguments that want to get rid of this method of punishment usually mention th e many problems that capital punishment is plagued with. The death penalty has many issues that cannot be resolved, and since these issues can’t be solved, the death penalty should be abolished. â€Å"The irrevocable nature of the death penalty renders it an unsustainable and indefensible remedyRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Be Abolished1440 Words   |  6 PagesThe death penalty is a very controversial topic in the United States. It is implemented for the purpose of providing safety to the community and bringing justice to victims and their families. The death penalty is legal in thirty-one states (â€Å"31 States†), and there are over forty different types of federal capital crimes that are eligible for the death penalty. These include crimes such as treason and kidnapping that results in murder (â€Å"41 Federal†). However, many argue whether the death penalty isRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Be Abolished968 Words   |  4 PagesEvery year, thousands of lives are legally taken under the death penalty. Why should we take more lives than the ones that have already been taken? The death penalty is the punishment of execution, carried out legally against an individual convicted of a capital crime. Its proponents argue that the death penalty deters other criminals who may intend to commit similar crimes in the future. However, there is little statistical evidence to support this claim. Also, execution eliminates the criminalRead MoreShould The Death Penalty Be Abolished?1350 Words   |  6 PagesShould the death penalty be abolished? The death penalty, also known as capital punishment is a legal procedure in which a state executes a person for crimes he/she has committed. This punishment has been used by many states, and is normally used for serious crimes, especially murder. It is also used on crimes against the state such as treason, crimes against humanity, espionage, and violent crimes while other states use it as part of military justice. There are mixed reactions on capital punishmentRead MoreShould The Death Penalty Be Abolished?1443 Words   |  6 Pages 6 Should the Death Penalty Be Abolished in the United States? Adalynne Francis CRJU 1000 Dr. Huss November 14, 14 Should capital punishment/ death penalty be abolished in the United States? Many feel that the death penalty is immoral and question whether the state and federal government deserve the right to kill those whom it has imprisoned. On the other hand, those opposed feel that by not acting upon the death penalty communities would plunge in anarchy and that by

Ethnic Discrimination and Dyadic Dissimilarity †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Ethnic Discrimination and Dyadic Dissimilarity. Answer: Introduction Racial discrimination is a general term that defines the practice of treating people differently on the basis of their race or color as pointed out by Chung, Gully, and Lovelace (2017, p. 25). Also referred to as ethnic discrimination, racial discrimination is commonly experienced in some work places but tend to be so hard to notice. In a systematic review, Halcomb Lewis (2016) points out that ethnic discrimination can be more difficult and subtle to detect such as the failure of an employer to promote an employee on account of their race. Whatever forms it adopts, racial discrimination in the workforce is often strictly prohibited by a number of state and federal laws. This paper evaluates and presents an analysis of the concept of racial discrimination with a focus of various facets of the issue in the workplace. The paper evaluates on the importance of research on racial discrimination, which is most affected, as well as the impact it has on the society due to inaction. The paper as well presents an action plan that can be adopted with the aim of addressing the issue to ensure the effects it imposes on the society are greatly minimized or eliminated. Background of racial discrimination in the workplace According to Halcomb Lewis (2016), a difficult aspect of racial discrimination in the workplace is that it can occur entirely without being identified or detected. In other words, unless an employer notably admits otherwise, it is difficult to say for sure why they made a particular decision on why they gave a promotion or hired an individual. As a result, there are circumstances when an employer will display a discriminatory intent in the case. For instance, in cases of interviews, it is not recommended that employers ask questions on the race of a prospective employee. In case that happens the employee is not hired, it can be used as evidence that race played a certain role in the decision-making process of who is to be selected and who is to be left out. However, Chung, Gully, and Lovelace (2017) denote that such circumstances tend to be rare and it should as well be noted that employers need to permissibly discuss or ask on the race in the affirmative action forms and programs as long as they do not play any part in the decision-making. In most cases, discrimination is relative, and a person will have no certainty on why they have not been hired, unlike the above example. An opinion can be asking the employer about the case who can as well offer any viable reason that is understandable and not on the basis of the race of the individual. Alternatively, Doohee, Muslin, and Mcinerney (2016) point out that in case a lesser-qualified person is promoted or hired than an applicant of another race, it can as well are used as the evidence of racial discrimination in that working environment. On the other hand, the same study denotes that there are cases when an employer is discriminating without their knowledge. This is possible through the institution of hiring practices, workplace policies, and tests that single out or greatly affects some ethnic communities. However, if it is not validated or not done for legitimate business reasons, the practice could be considered as racial discrimination in case a claim arises. Importance of understanding the concept of racial discrimination Understanding the concept of racial discrimination is an essential aspect of both the organizational management and the society. For instance, gaining the required knowledge and skills on racial discrimination enables the organizations charged with the responsibility of dealing with the issue to understand some general exceptions as stipulated in the Equal Opportunity Act 2010 of the international human rights policies Offermann et al. (2014, p. 500). According to this act, there are cases where racial discrimination is allowed in favor of certain racial groups as a special measure and a positive step to combating certain identified disadvantages. There are also other cases when discrimination is allowed with the aim of meeting the specific needs of certain groups such as the provision of welfare services targeted at certain races or ethnic groups. For example, Cornwell, Rivera, and Schmutte (2017) denote that a hostel for Vietnam refugee has been allowed in the United States with th e aim of restricting employment to the Vietnamese people only as a measure of proving economic empowerment to the war and natural disaster servers. In a systematic study, Doohee, Muslin, and Mcinerney (2016) point out that studying and understanding the general concept of racial discrimination is essential for individual employees, the employer, as well as the whole society. With the knowledge, the management of different organizations will have a clear concept of what needs to be done to eliminate racial discrimination in the working environment. Triana, Jayasinghe, and Pieper (2015) denote that eliminating discrimination from an organization can be a great challenge but helps in improving the chances of battling with former employees in court. It also helps the organization to adopt very creative and acceptable ways of recruiting candidates within the organization in a manner that will show an equilibrium that cuts across the different facets of ethnic groups within the organization. The development of the equal employment opportunity guidelines and policies within an organization is essential in establishing a foundation for a good mission and vision that will result in a culture of mutual respect for all the employees. The most affected groups and effects of racial discrimination in the society In a study of the impact of racial discrimination in Coca-Cola Company, Offermann et al. (2014) point out that racial discrimination in the workplace greatly erodes the morale and engagement of employees. The meaning of employee engagement varies greatly and is subjective, but often described as the enthusiastic approach of the employees to their duties with a genuine interest in positively contributing to the set goals of the organization. Hagelskamp and Hughes (2014) denote that racial discrimination leads to lack of engagement among the workforce, an aspect that can be costly than turnover. The same study denotes that the disengagement of the employees can cost a third to half of the payroll of an organization. In the working environments where racial discrimination is unchecked, it creates a devastating effect on the workforce such as reduction and loss of productivity as well as the poor performance in the organization (Redmond, Pedersen, Paradies 2017, P. 204). As a result, el iminating racial discrimination is vital in every organization with the aim of sustaining a productive workforce to motivate the employees into believing that their employers value their expertise and talents. In a study, Doohee, Muslin, and Mcinerney (2016) point out that words tend to spread very fast in the job-seekers community concerning companies as well as their respective hiring practices. Having a reputation as a company that tolerates or condones an aspect of discriminatory employment practices has the ability to destroy the desire of job candidates during recruitment. With such an idea in the head of the community concerning a certain organization, it will be difficult for candidates to seek job opportunities in the organization. In the end, the organization will end up enticing candidates to join the firm with a salary range that is higher than that of the market (Graham, Belliveau, Hotchkiss 2017, P. 204). In such cases, the organization stands a very high chance of losing the employees in case they design to resign as a result of workplace discrimination. The occurrence of racial discrimination in the workplace, as well as ensuing conflicts due to discriminatory employment practices, can be dishearting and demoralizing for the employees thus leading to a low turnover. Cornwell, Rivera, and Schmutte (2017) point out that employees offended as a result of discriminatory behaviors such as promotions within the workplace ultimately look for other opportunities in other organizations, an aspect that can lead to the organization losing a productive employee. Turnover has both intangible and tangible costs including increased cost of hiring and loss of productivity as a result of unfilled job vacancies. Federal and State Laws on racial discrimination According to Gilles (2016) federal and state anti-racism laws were formed since most employers had the habit of treating applicants as well as employees unfavorably on the basis of their races or ethnicity. The Civil Right Act was passed by the international human rights in 1964 with the aim of eliminating segregation and racial discrimination in the developed and developing countries. The same study denotes that it shall be considered an unlawful practice in case an employer; Fail to refuse to hire, promoting, or discharging an individual or otherwise discriminate against an individual concerning their terms, conditions, employment privileges, on the basis of their race, religion, sex, national origin, and color. Limits segregates or classifies applicants for employment or employees in any manner that can deprive any individual the employment opportunities or has a diverse effect on the status of the employee on the basis of their race, color, national origin, or sex. In the adoption of the above laws, Stephens (2014) points out that federal and state law was since adopted with the aim of ensuring that racial discrimination is not practiced in the organizations within their national jurisdictions. However, some modifications have since been made on the basis of the management functions and styles adopted concerning the employee's concerns. Termed as the Title VII laws, the federal law prohibits any employer from; Refusing or failing to hire an employee on the basis of their race Providing employees with lesser benefits on account of their racial origin Failing to provide promotions, opportunities, or benefits to an employee on the basis of their race Segregating or improperly classifying employees and applicants by race On the basis of the same lines, employment agencies do not easily make decisions or work assignments or referrals on the basis of the race an employee belongs. In the same manner, organizational representatives and labor unions are not allowed to expel individual or even refuse their membership on the basis of their race. Graham, Belliveau, and Hotchkiss (2017) as well identify that the state anti-discrimination laws as well prohibit racial discrimination in the workplace. According to the study, the state legislation covering discrimination in the workplace is fairly widespread and tends to mirror federal law to prohibit any form of discrimination on the basis on the racial origin of an individual. However, the primary differences between the federal and state laws are in the procedures adopted as well as the agencies contacted in claiming discrimination. Impacts of racial discrimination in the workplace on the company or organization Organizations that tend differentiating their workforce by race get into a high risk of losing patrons, customers, and financial support. It is likely that the organization may as well suffer from a decrease in notoriety, outrageous lawsuits and fines, as well as an outcome of demoralized employees within the workplace as pointed out by Hagelskamp and Hughes (2014, p. 552). In many cases, the party accused often tries to cover up their wrong doings by accusing the employees the employees of incompetence or blaming their loss of a job on the budget cuts in the organization. In a systematic study, Stephens (2014) asserts that unethical behavior in a workplace puts the company at the risk of losing financial support from the community where the business is located. With the nature of competitiveness in the global business, it is evident that the world of the business s drastically changing and the employees are not ready to take a damn on any form of racial discrimination. According to Triana, Jayasinghe, and Pieper (2015), many companies found guilty of any form of racial discrimination often experience loss of the customer base and faces huge fines and risk from law suits. The study denotes that many organizations have given out millions of dollars for such fines to the employees who have felt victims of the act of racial discrimination in the organization. In other words, racial discrimination within the company will not only make it lose the good name it has worked for in a long time but will as well cost them their employees, customers, time, and financial resources that will at the end be a big loss to the business. Offermann et al. (2014) also denote that racial discrimination creates unhealthy workplace. Once it has occurred, the remaining employees will as well get the fear of the likelihood of the same happening to them hence creating depression and fear of job loss, an aspect that creates high levels of personal anxiety. The resulting impact is a decrease in the employees morale towards their duty hence a decrease in the overall productivity of the company. In every federal jurisdiction, some laws and policies often adopted in governing or protecting the employees from discrimination in all the necessary stages of employment (Cobb Stevens, 2017, P. 304). These include areas such as dismissal, working terms and conditions, recruitment, training and development, and promotion of other factors as pointed out by Hagelskamp and Hughes (2014, p. 550). The same study denotes that it is essential to understand that race includes descent, color, ancestry, nationality, and ethnic background among other characteristics that can be associated with a particular race. Cornwell, Rivera, and Schmutte (2017) also point out that commitment to a proper racial discrimination policy in an organization requires unwavering effort and support from the highest level of leadership from the organization that will then trickle down to supervisors, managers, as well as the other staff. In a systematic study, Gilles (2016) denotes that in many cases, 67% of the affected employees tend to be afraid of reporting cases of racial discrimination as a result of reasons related to the possible consequences of the results that come by at such as financial support for other reasons. As a result, this paper advocate for Digital Anti-Racism Strategy 2017-2020 as an action plan that will focus on reaching the communities including the employees and respective organizations as well as employers. To effectively deliver the strategy, the students will implement three primary directions that were developed in consultation with the group members and the community and are founded on evidence-based practices that are commonly experienced in many organizations. In other words, the three primary directions will be strategized as the SMART objectives of the actions plan. As a result, the primary objectives of the Digital Anti-Racism Strategy 2017-2018 include; Raising understanding and awareness of racial discrimination Strengthening the students organization capacity towards professionalism that is free from discrimination. Achieving healthy working environments free from racism. Proposed actions in adopting the strategy Digital Anti-Racism Strategy 2017-2018 is the action plan that will be adopted to curb racial discrimination. Understanding and awareness of racial discrimination will be achieved by delivering direct-participation programs with the aim of increasing positive behavior and attitude in the workplace as well as training and development of employees towards the need of anti-racism in the workplace. Strengthening the students organization capacity towards professionalism that is free from discrimination will be achieved through delivering pro-diversity messages on behalf of the ethnic minorities and culturally diverse employees. Achieving a healthy working environment that adapts not a form of racial discrimination will be achieved through supporting local agencies such as libraries and student clubs to adopt the nature of creating places free from racial discrimination and embracing diversity, mutual respect, and positivity towards each other. It will as well adopt the use of case study examples of other successful communities and organizations that embrace diversity and the resulting impacts in such areas. Achieving these proposed actions will require the adoption of two primary action plans; Reconciliation Plan- the action plan will set the direction for the group to make meaningful reconciliation contributions with students as well as the employees community in various targeted organizations. The action plan is aimed at building on reconciliation achievements while establishing actions that embrace diversity with the aim of building a positive attitude of the community toward good relationship and respect. Multicultural plan- It is an action plan that with the focus on building on the history of community achievements in the multicultural affairs to encourage diversity in service delivery, advocacy, collaboration, and engagement. Anticipated Outcomes In preventing the possible risks that the organization may undergo as a result of racial discrimination, it is essential that is be prevented other than dealing with it has occurred. Cornwell, Rivera, and Schmutte (2017) denote that in the attempt of preventing racial issues with the future workforce, there is a need for the organization to adopt new strategies of employees orientation having a zero tolerance of discrimination policy that can result in a termination in the case of violation. The action plan hence adopts anti-discrimination policy within the employee handbook. The focus is hence training the employees on the effective ways of avoiding racial discrimination at all cost along with their line of professionalism. The plan also focuses on training the employees on racial discrimination with the aim of adopting ethical policies that will be acceptable for the employees, the federal and state, the employees, as well as the overall performance of the organization. In doing this, the anticipated outcome include promoting group activities and teamwork that will have a shift in focus to a better contiguous workplace that allows the co-workers to mingle (Gilles 2016, p. 1532) freely. In that way, they will learn to know the personality of each other with the aim of creating a healthy and non-discriminating staff. With increased awareness of the need for a free working environment, the key outcomes anticipated will be a more diverse working environment that accommodates individuals with different skills and knowledge that ill at the result to productivity improvement within the workplace. In other words, the anticipated outcomes of adopting the action plan include; A boost in the protection and promotion of human rights and respect for employee dignity Increased anti-racism awareness, anti-discrimination and equality issues among the private and public officials and civil society with a mobilized support from the diverse community arena A documentation of updated information regarding racial discrimination and promoting a more comprehensive assessment of the strategies aimed at combating racial discrimination Addressing the major issues and concerns of employees facing racial discrimination An increased coherence and effectiveness of measures against racial discrimination Timelines and resources required Adopting the action plan will be carried out in a projection of 18 months with a classification of every strategy or step action as indicated in table 1. Table 1: Action plan and the prospected timelines as per the anti-racism strategy Action Plan Timeline Resources Required Delivering direct-participation programs 1 month - Trained experts on specific areas of racial discriminations Training and development of employees 4 months - Financial support Delivering pro-diversity messages 4 months - Volunteers from the community Supporting local agencies such as libraries and student clubs 6 months - Interview questionnaires Evaluation process 3 months Conclusion recommendation and closure of the project 1 month Key Risks In raising concerns to any form of racial discrimination, it is important to note that both the state and federal level deadlines are key issues to consider. According to Offermann et al. (2014), there are often very strict deadlines or timelines for the report and filing of racial discrimination claims. In case an employee feels he or she has been discriminated against, they not o hesitate their employment attorney in their areas of discussing their situation, a process that can be started with a free initial claim of the review. All through the implementation period, the process will implement both internal and external governance and monitoring strategies to ensure that every action plan is adapted to the completion as per the requirement. Upon complication of the exercise, an evaluation report will be presented for review by all the group members. The evaluation process will take place as stipulated in table 2. Table 2: evaluation strategy for different action plans in implementing the anti-racism strategy Action plan Evaluation strategy Measuring attitudes toward racism and cultural diversity Minimum of 30% completed survey by the staff Training and development awareness for the employees and the community A minimum of 20 individuals complete training Developing initiatives encouraging public and open space that is free from racism Successfully delivering a social awareness campaign Providing resources that will support clubs and associations towards enhanced inclusiveness and anti-racism. Feedback sorted and evaluated from the associations and clubs The group wins resources with at least two local student clubs within the first month of implementation Successful evaluation A comprehensive report is compiled in relation to every objective. Conclusion From the above analysis, it is a clear evidence racial discrimination is dangerous to the sustainability and organizational performance. As a result, the elimination of discrimination can be a good step in ensuring the organization is mitigated from potential liability for possible allegations of unfair practices. In many cases, both small and large organizations face the risk of bankruptcy as a result of fees on legal counsel for defending the employment actions of the company in addition to other settlement costs involved. It hence means that the elimination of racial discrimination is an essential step for any organization with the aim of creating a workplace that values workforce diversity. The action plan suggested will thus be helpful in ensuring that the organization complies with the state and federal recruitment and employment laws prohibiting any form of discrimination as a fundamental step to eliminate racial discrimination. In adopting the action plan, it is recommended that the organization develops human resources solutions and practices with the aim of sustaining diversity in the working environment to effectively achieve a diverse community of employees who will work towards the goals of ensuring success. In other words, it is possible to avoid racial discrimination in the workplace by ensuring the employers abide by the federal and state laws against discrimination, providing proper training for the workforce. It is also essential to create awareness with the aim of achieving a non-discriminating work environment that applies a zero tolerance policy in any form of discrimination in all the aspects of the organizational operation. However, there can be a few cases of exceptions such as when there is a need for offering employment to an individual of a particular race or ethnic group with the aim of maintaining authenticity or credibility in certain carriers such as modeling performance, artistic wor k, and drama among others. Objective 1: Raising understanding and awareness on racial discrimination Proposed Action Timelines Key Risks Evaluation 1. Delivering direct-participation programs One month Other employers may not be willing to participate in the bid of being guilty of racial discrimination The group wins resources with at least organizations within the first month of implementation 2. training and development of employees For months It is difficult to get enough time for training unless scheduled through the organization A minimum of 20 individuals complete training Objective 2: Strengthening the students organization capacity towards professionalism that is free Proposed Action Timelines Key Risks Evaluation 1. Delivering pro-diversity messages Four months It is a limited process that can reach only a minimum number of the target population It will be evaluated upon the positive response of the community towards the objective of the message content Objective 3: Achieving a healthy working environment that adopts not form of racial discrimination Proposed Action Timelines Key Risks Evaluation 1. Use of case study examples on other successful communities and organizations that embrace diversity and the resulting impacts in such areas. 1 weeks Not all case studies can be relevant to every target group or organizations thus requires scrutiny of the possibility Feedback sorted and evaluated from the associations and clubs 2. Supporting local agencies such as libraries and student clubs to adopt the nature of creating places free from racial discrimination 6 months Not every student often participates in the club, meaning that there is a risk of a large number not being reached. Successfully delivering a social awareness campaign List of References Graham, M, Belliveau, M, Hotchkiss, J 2017, 'The View at The Top Or Signing At The Bottom? Workplace Diversity Responsibility and Women's Representation in Management',ILR Review, 70, 1, pp. 223-258, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 26 August 2017. Redmond, J, Pedersen, A, Paradies, Y 2014, 'Psychosocial predictors of antiracist bystander action toward Indigenous Australians',Peace And Conflict: Journal Of Peace Psychology, 20, 4, pp. 474-490, PsycARTICLES, EBSCOhost, viewed 26 August 2017. Ferguson, J 2016, 'Racial Diversity and Union Organizing in the United States, 19992008',ILR Review, 69, 1, pp. 53-83, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 26 August 2017. Cobb, J, Stevens, F 2017, 'These Unequal States: Corporate Organization and Income Inequality in the United States',Administrative Science Quarterly, 62, 2, pp. 304-340, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 26 August 2017. Stevens, F 2014, 'These Unequal States: Corporate Organization and Income Inequality in the United States',Administrative Science Quarterly, 62, 2, pp. 304-340, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 26 August 2017. Aslund, O, Skans, O 2010, 'Will I See You At Work? Ethnic Workplace Segregation In Sweden, 1985-2002',ILR Review, 63, 3, pp. 471-493, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 26 August 2017. Chung, Y, Gully, S, Lovelace, K 2017, 'Predicting readiness for diversity training: The influence of perceived ethnic discrimination and dyadic dissimilarity',Journal Of Personnel Psychology, 16, 1, pp. 25-35, PsycARTICLES, EBSCOhost, viewed 26 August 2017. Cornwell, C, Rivera, J, Schmutte, I 2017, 'Wage Discrimination When Identity Is Subjective: Evidence from Changes in Employer-Reported Race',Journal Of Human Resources, 52, 3, pp. 719-755, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 26 August 2017. Doohee, L, Muslin, I, Mcinerney, M, Lee, D 2016, 'Perceived Racial Discrimination Among Home Health Aides: Evidence From A National Survey',Journal Of Health Human Services Administration, 38, 4, pp. 414-437, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 26 August 2017. Doohee, L, Muslin, I, Mcinerney, M, Lee, D 2016, 'Perceived Racial Discrimination Among Home Health Aides: Evidence From A National Survey',Journal Of Health Human Services Administration, 38, 4, pp. 414-437, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 26 August 2017. Gilles, M 2016, 'Class Warfare: The Disappearance Of Low-Income Litigants From The Civil Docket',Emory Law Journal, 65, 6, pp. 1531-1568, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 26 August 2017. Hagelskamp, C, Hughes, D 2014, 'Workplace discrimination predicting racial/ethnic socialization across African American, Latino, and Chinese families',Cultural Diversity And Ethnic Minority Psychology, 20, 4, pp. 550-560, PsycARTICLES, EBSCOhost, viewed 26 August 2017. Halcomb Lewis, DM 2016, 'The Creation of a Hostile Work Environment by a Workplace Supervisor's Single Use of the Epithet ' Nigger'',American Business Law Journal, 53, 2, pp. 383-430, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 26 August 2017. Offermann, L, Basford, T, Graebner, R, Jaffer, S, De Graaf, S, Kaminsky, S 2014, 'See no evil: Color blindness and perceptions of subtle racial discrimination in the workplace: Coca-Cola Company',Cultural Diversity And Ethnic Minority Psychology, 20, 4, pp. 499-507, PsycARTICLES, EBSCOhost, viewed 26 August 2017. Ritenhouse, D 2013, 'Where Title Vii Stops: Exploring Subtle Race Discrimination In The Workplace',Depaul Journal For Social Justice, 7, 1, pp. 87-116, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 26 August 2017. Triana, M, Jayasinghe, M, Pieper, J 2015, 'Perceived workplace racial discrimination and its correlates: A meta-analysis',Journal Of Organizational Behavior, 36, 4, pp. 491-513, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 26 August 2017.